An analysis of Etna birches and climate change
Climate change is transforming Etna’s flora, introducing new plants species to Sicily. The Etna birches, scientifically known as Betula aetnensis, are a fascinating example of how plants can adapt to new environments. Originally from the glacial regions of Europe, these birches were transported “against their will” during the immense glaciations that struck Europe between 70,000 and 10,000 years ago. Even after the ice retreated, they found an ideal habitat to thrive on Etna.
Characteristics of the new plants: the birches of Etna
The Betula aetnensis has developed some unique characteristics that distinguish it from its Scandinavian relatives. For example, its white trunk is an adaptation to reflect solar rays, unlike the grey birches of the north. Its canopy is also lighter, retaining its autumn yellow color longer. Another interesting peculiarity is the round, eye-like patterns on the trunk, which testify to its climate adaptation. These “eyes” are marks of fallen trunks absorbed by the nearby birch, a unique survival strategy.
The uses of birch
Birches have been used for millennia for their diuretic and purifying properties, as well as for their known antiseptic and anti-inflammatory effects. Historically, birch trunks were used to create barrels, inlays, charcoal, and furniture. However, with the establishment of the Etna Regional Park, indiscriminate exploitation of these plants has been halted, allowing them to grow freely.
The Etna birch in distress
Despite their adaptability, Etna birches are facing new challenges due to climate change. Temperatures in Sicily are rising, transforming the environment into one more akin to Africa. This “desertification” threatens the survival of the birches, already severely tested by frequent fires and new diseases brought by microorganisms thriving in the heat. The survival of these plants requires immediate interventions, including in-depth studies and experiments with grafts and supplements.
Admire the new plants of Etna
For those wishing to admire the Etna birches, three locations are particularly recommended: the groves surrounding the Sartorius craters, the areas around the ski facilities at Piano Provenzana, and the birch thicket near the Citelli Refuge. These easy and non-stressful paths offer a unique spectacle of colors, especially in autumn.
